Inflammation is associated with increased sympathetic drive in cardiovascular diseases.

Blood-borne proinflammatory cytokines, markers of inflammation, induce cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) activity in perivascular macrophages of the blood-brain barrier.

• COX-2 generates prostaglandin E₂, which may enter the brain and increase sympathetic nerve activity.
• We examined the contribution of this mechanism to augmented sympathetic drive in rats after myocardial infarction (MI).
• Approximately 24 hours after acute MI, rats received an intracerebroventricular injection (1 µL/min over 40 minutes) of clodronate liposomes (MI+CLOD) to eliminate brain perivascular macrophages, liposomes alone, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
• A week later, COX-2 immunoreactivity in perivascular macrophages and COX-2 mRNA and protein had increased in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of MI rats treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid or liposomes alone compared with sham-operated rats.

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  In MI+CLOD rats, neither perivascular macrophages nor COX-2 immunoreactivity was seen in the paraventricular nucleus, and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were similar to those in sham-operated rats.

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  Prostaglandin E₂ in cerebrospinal fluid, paraventricular nucleus neuronal excitation, and plasma norepinephrine were less in MI+CLOD rats than in MI rats treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid or liposomes alone but more than in sham-operated rats.
• Intracerebroventricular CLOD had no effect on interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor- mRNA and protein in the paraventricular nucleus or plasma interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-, which were increased in MI compared with sham-operated rats.
• In normal rats, pretreatment with intracerebroventricular CLOD reduced (P<0.05) the renal sympathetic, blood pressure, and heart rate responses to intracarotid artery injection of tumor necrosis factor- (0.5 µg/kg); intracerebroventricular liposomes had no effect.
• The results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines stimulate sympathetic excitation after MI by inducing COX-2 activity and prostaglandin E₂ production in perivascular macrophages of the blood-brain barrier.
  Key Words: cytokines • cyclooxygenase 2 • perivascular macrophages • clodronate liposomes • myocardial infarction • heart failure • inflammation

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Hypertension. 2010;55:652

Yang Yu; Zhi-Hua Zhang; Shun-Guang Wei; Jordi Serrats; Robert M. Weiss; Robert B. Felder

From the Medical Service (R.B.F.), Department of Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine (Y.Y., Z.-H.Z., S.-G.W., R.M.W., R.B.F.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function (J.S.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, Calif.

Correspondence to Robert B. Felder, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242. E-mail robert-felder@uiowa.edu